Martina Navratilova Breast and Throat Cancer: How She Went Against, How She Survived, and More

Martina Navratilova is a celebrated tennis icon, recognized for her unparalleled achievements in the sport, including 59 Grand Slam titles—18 in singles, 31 in doubles, and 10 in mixed doubles. Her career, spanning over four decades, is highlighted by a record 9 Wimbledon singles championships. In early 2023, Navratilova announced her diagnosis of stage 1 breast cancer and throat cancer, which brought significant media attention to the importance of early detection and screening.

How Did Martina Navratilova Get Diagnosed with Breast Cancer?

Martina Navratilova’s recent cancer diagnosis emerged from a series of significant health events. In November 2022, during the Women’s Tennis Association finals in Fort Worth, Texas, she noticed an enlarged lymph node in her neck. Concerned about this symptom, she sought medical advice and underwent a biopsy, which confirmed her diagnosis of stage 1 throat cancer stemming from human papillomavirus (HPV) and an unrelated form of breast cancer. This marked a challenging moment in her life, as she described it as a “double whammy” of serious health issues.

Symptoms

Martina Navratilova’s recent cancer diagnosis was precipitated by the discovery of an enlarged lymph node in her neck, which led her to seek medical attention. This symptom is not typically associated with breast cancer but can indicate that cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, as described by the American Cancer Society, which notes that swollen lymph nodes may occur when breast cancer spreads to nearby areas, such as the lymph nodes under the arm or in the neck.

Common indicators of breast cancer include lumps or swelling in the breast or armpit, changes in the skin texture such as dimpling or puckering, and nipple discharge, as highlighted by the National Cancer Institute. These symptoms often prompt individuals to consult healthcare professionals for further evaluation.

What Were Martina Navratilova’s Initial Reactions to Her Diagnosis?

Martina Navratilova experienced a profound emotional response. She described her initial feelings as one of disbelief and fear, stating, “I was like, how the hell is this possible?” This reaction reflects the shock of facing a dual cancer diagnosis, especially given her previous battle with non-invasive breast cancer in 2010.Navratilova communicated the news to her loved ones with honesty and vulnerability. Her wife, Julia Lemigova, shared that the moment they learned about the diagnosis was overwhelming, saying, “I literally forgot to breathe.” This illustrates the immediate emotional toll that such news can have on both the patient and their family.

What was the Prognosis?

Martina Navratilova was diagnosed with stage 1 throat cancer and early-stage breast cancer in January 2023, following the discovery of an enlarged lymph node in her neck. This lymph node was biopsied, leading to the diagnosis of HPV-related throat cancer. The breast cancer was identified during further testing related to her throat condition. Doctors indicated that her prognosis was good, with a 90% to 95% chance of cure for the throat cancer after appropriate treatment, reflecting the favorable outlook typically associated with early-stage cancers.

Stage I breast cancer has a 99% five-year survival rate, as it is detected early and treated effectively (American Cancer Society, “Breast Cancer Survival Rates”). For Stage I throat cancer, the five-year survival rate ranges from 80-90%, depending on the cancer type and location (American Cancer Society, “Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Survival Rates”).

What Treatments Did Martina Navratilova Undergo?

Martina Navratilova’s treatment plan for her dual diagnosis of stage 1 throat cancer and early-stage breast cancer involved a comprehensive approach that included chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.

Surgery and Chemotherapy

• Breast Cancer Surgery: Although specific details about the type of surgery Martina Navratilova underwent for her recent breast cancer diagnosis were not disclosed, it is common for early-stage breast cancer to involve a lumpectomy or mastectomy. Given Navratilova’s previous experience with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in 2010, where she had a lumpectomy followed by six weeks of radiation, it is likely that a similar approach was taken for her recent diagnosis.
• Throat Cancer Treatment: For her throat cancer, Navratilova underwent a biopsy that confirmed the presence of HPV-related cancer. While specifics regarding surgical intervention were not detailed, treatment for throat cancer typically involves surgery to remove the tumor or affected lymph nodes.

Navratilova underwent three cycles of chemotherapy, which were administered concurrently with her radiation therapy. This combination of treatments is often used to maximize effectiveness against cancer but can significantly increase side effects due to the cumulative impact on the body.

The side effects she experienced from chemotherapy and radiation therapy were substantial. Navratilova described severe fatigue, mouth sores, difficulty swallowing, and overall weakness. She noted that even simple actions like yawning became challenging due to throat constriction. She reported feeling extremely cold and weak, stating, “Physically, I couldn’t take two hands and sip [water]… you feel like you’re just going to collapse like the toy you push and it collapses. The emotional toll was also significant. She expressed feelings of vulnerability and fear regarding her health but maintained a determined mindset throughout her treatment. Her athletic background helped her adopt a positive attitude, as she stated,

“As an athlete, we’re used to positive thinking and not quitting… When this came, I’m like, ‘No, no, no, I’m not dying from this.’”

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In Martina Navratilova’s treatment plan for her dual diagnosis of stage 1 throat cancer and early-stage breast cancer, radiation therapy played a crucial role, particularly in the form of proton therapy. This advanced treatment method was chosen for its precision and ability to minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues. The primary purpose of radiation therapy in her case was to target and destroy cancer cells in the throat while preserving critical structures such as the salivary glands, vocal cords, and muscles involved in swallowing. Proton therapy is particularly beneficial for head and neck cancers because it allows for highly targeted radiation delivery, reducing collateral damage to healthy tissues.

Additionally, radiation therapy complemented her chemotherapy regimen by enhancing the overall effectiveness of her treatment plan. While chemotherapy works systemically to kill cancer cells throughout the body, radiation therapy focuses on localized tumors, making it a powerful combination for treating aggressive cancers like those Navratilova faced.

How Did Martina Navratilova Overcome Breast Cancer?

Martina Navratilova demonstrated remarkable mental and emotional resilience during her treatment for stage 1 throat cancer and early-stage breast cancer. Faced with the daunting challenge of a “double whammy” diagnosis, she maintained a positive outlook, stating,

“This double whammy is serious but still fixable, and I’m hoping for a favorable outcome.”

Her ability to confront her fears head-on was evident as she acknowledged the reality of her situation, saying, “It puts you face-to-face with your mortality.”

Support from Family and Friends

Martina Navratilova’s battle with dual cancer diagnoses—stage 1 throat cancer and stage 1 breast cancer—has been profoundly supported by her family, close friends, and the tennis community. Her wife, Julia Lemigova, has been a steadfast presence throughout this challenging journey. Navratilova described the experience as a “rollercoaster ride,” emphasizing the vital role Lemigova played during the seven months of chemotherapy and radiation. She expressed her gratitude, stating, “I had great support from my lady,” highlighting how this intimate partnership helped her navigate the emotional turmoil of her diagnosis with someone who deeply understood her struggles.

The bond between Navratilova and fellow tennis legend Chris Evert has also been particularly poignant. Both women have faced cancer diagnoses in recent years, fostering a unique understanding between them. Evert, who battled ovarian cancer, frequently reached out to Navratilova during her treatment, saying, “Whenever I was really, really down, there was Chris with either a call or a text just thinking of me.” This reciprocal support illustrates how their friendship has flourished under adversity, with both champions drawing strength from each other’s experiences.Moreover, the broader tennis community rallied around Navratilova following her announcement of the dual diagnosis.

The outpouring of support on social media from fans and fellow athletes was significant. Navratilova remarked on the importance of surrounding oneself with positive influences during such trying times: “You can do everything right and still can’t recover… it’s really out of your control.” This realization marked a significant shift in her mindset; she acknowledged that asking for help from friends and family was not something she typically did but recognized its necessity during this challenging period.

Mental and Emotional Challenges

Coping with the fear of recurrence is common among cancer survivors, and Martina Navratilova is no exception. She acknowledged the constant worry about facing cancer again, stating, “The possibility is always there. You just have to believe that it’s not going to be for decades.” This reflects her dual coping strategy—holding onto hope while confronting reality. Her previous experience with breast cancer in 2010 taught her the importance of a supportive network. This time, she actively sought help from family and friends, which she admitted is not typically her strong suit.

Navratilova’s competitive spirit as an athlete has helped her maintain a positive outlook. She said, “As an athlete, we’re used to positive thinking and not quitting… when this came, I’m like, ‘No, no, no, I’m not dying from this.’” This mindset allowed her to approach treatment with resilience, focusing on one day at a time and celebrating small milestones. Reflecting on life after her diagnosis, she now prioritizes self-care and surrounding herself with positive influences, recognizing the importance of supportive people:

“I learned how important it is to surround yourself with people that are there for you.”

Her experience has also given her a deeper understanding of life’s fragility and the value of relationships. Navratilova also shared, “It puts you face-to-face with your mortality, whatever your age is,” embracing life more fully and choosing how to respond to challenges.

Photo: Stuart Franklin Dec 30 1990

How Did Advocacy and Public Awareness Help?

Martina Navratilova has leveraged her personal experience with cancer to become a powerful advocate for cancer awareness and patient empowerment. Following her diagnoses of stage 1 throat cancer and stage 1 breast cancer, she has actively engaged in public speaking, sharing her journey to inspire hope and resilience among patients and their families.

Public Speaking and Advocacy

At the Mautner Project Gala, Navratilova shared her experiences with breast cancer and the health scare she encountered while climbing Mt. Kilimanjaro. During her speech, she received the Chair’s Award for her advocacy on lesbian health issues and emphasized her commitment to living life fully, stating, “Sometimes, even I have limits” and expressing her goal of “squeezing every ounce of vitality and joy out of this life”

Navratilova has also appeared on various platforms, including the TODAY show, where she discussed her dual cancer diagnoses and shared insights on coping strategies and the significance of early detection . Her visibility in media serves to educate the public about cancer risks and the importance of proactive health measures.

Collaborations with Health Organizations

In October 2023, shortly after being declared cancer-free, Navratilova visited the American Cancer Society Hope Lodge in New York City as part of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. She spoke with patients about her own experiences with cancer, emphasizing the importance of resilience and community support. She candidly addressed her fears and hopes regarding recurrence, saying, “The possibility is always there. You just have to believe that it’s not going to be for decades”

Through her partnerships with organizations like the American Cancer Society and the Women’s Tennis Association, Navratilova has actively participated in fundraising initiatives aimed at supporting cancer research and patient services. Her involvement helps raise crucial funds that facilitate advancements in cancer treatment and support systems for patients.

What Is Martina Navratilova’s Life Like After Cancer?

Martina Navratilova’s life post-treatment has been marked by her continued advocacy for health issues, particularly cancer awareness, while managing ongoing challenges related to her health. After receiving the “all-clear” from her doctors in mid-2023, she has actively engaged in public speaking and outreach efforts to educate others about the importance of early detection and healthy living

Ongoing Health Challenges

Martina Navratilova has openly shared the physical and emotional challenges she faced during her cancer treatment, which included chemotherapy and radiation. These treatments resulted in side effects such as fatigue, changes in appetite, and other physical symptoms that impacted her daily life. She acknowledged the emotional toll, stating,

“It puts you face-to-face with your mortality, whatever your age is.”

The psychological impact of her diagnoses also includes a persistent fear of recurrence. Navratilova discusses this anxiety, noting that while she strives to stay hopeful, the possibility of facing cancer again is always present. She stated, “The possibility is always there. You just have to believe that it’s not going to be for decades.”

To manage these challenges and maintain her health, Navratilova has made several lifestyle adjustments. Post-treatment, she emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet rich in nutrients to support her recovery and overall health, including plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while avoiding processed foods. As a former professional athlete, she has incorporated regular exercise into her routine to combat fatigue, maintain strength, and manage stress and anxiety. Recognizing the emotional toll of her journey, she prioritizes mental health support by engaging with supportive networks and sharing her experience with others. She has expressed gratitude for the positive community around her, stating how crucial it is to surround oneself with supportive influences.

What Causes Breast and Throat Cancer?

Genetic and Hormonal Factors

Genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, significantly increase breast cancer risk. Women with a BRCA1 mutation have a 55-65% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70, while those with a BRCA2 mutation have a 45% risk (National Cancer Institute, 2021). Family history is also important; having a first-degree relative with breast cancer can double a woman’s risk (American Cancer Society, 2022).Hormones, especially estrogen, play a critical role in breast cancer development. Prolonged estrogen exposure, such as starting menstruation before age 12 or entering menopause after age 55, can elevate risk (World Health Organization, 2019). Additionally, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase breast cancer risk by 26% (JAMA Oncology, 2019).

In throat cancer, HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection is a key cause, particularly in cancers of the oropharynx. Genetic mutations and environmental factors, such as tobacco use, are additional contributors to throat cancer development (American Cancer Society; National Cancer Institute).

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

For both breast and throat cancers, lifestyle and environmental factors are crucial. Tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption are major contributors to throat cancer (American Cancer Society). Exposure to certain chemicals and working in hazardous environments can also increase risk. For breast cancer, lifestyle factors like obesity, lack of physical activity, and alcohol consumption are linked to higher risk (American Cancer Society). Additionally, environmental factors such as exposure to radiation can contribute to the development of both cancers.

How Can Breast and Throat Cancers Be Prevented?

Many individuals opt for surgeries to lower their cancer risk, and the National Cancer Institute outlines the benefits of these options. Additionally, some may choose chemoprevention with medications such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, which can reduce breast cancer risk, as noted by the Mayo Clinic.

Regular Screenings and Early Detection

Women aged 40 and older should have annual mammograms, as early detection through mammography can identify breast cancer before symptoms develop, leading to less invasive treatments. The American Cancer Society reports a 5-year survival rate of 99% for localized breast cancer, compared to just 29% if diagnosed at a later stage (American Cancer Society, 2021). Regular mammography can reduce breast cancer mortality by approximately 15-30% among women aged 40-74 (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2016). Prioritizing screenings allows women to catch breast cancer early, resulting in more effective treatments and better outcomes.

For throat cancer, routine visits to the dentist and regular screenings, especially for individuals who are at high risk due to smoking or alcohol use, can help detect signs early. HPV vaccination is another preventive measure for throat cancer, especially for younger people (American Cancer Society).

Lifestyle Changes

Lifestyle changes are vital in reducing the risk of both breast and throat cancers. Quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding excessive sun exposure can help prevent throat cancer. For breast cancer, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and reducing alcohol consumption can lower risk. Additionally, reducing exposure to environmental toxins, such as industrial chemicals or excessive radiation, can also lower the chances of developing cancer (National Cancer Institute; American Cancer Society).

Dietary Recommendations

A healthy diet plays a significant role in preventing both breast and throat cancers. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in processed foods, sugar, and red meat, may help reduce cancer risk. Studies show that antioxidants and vitamins such as Vitamin D may be beneficial for breast cancer prevention (American Cancer Society). For throat cancer, a diet high in fruits and vegetables, particularly those rich in vitamins A and C, may help protect against cell damage and reduce cancer risk (National Cancer Institute).

Martina Navratilova’s career highlights and records

Martina Navratilova is one of the most successful tennis players in history, holding numerous records. She won 59 Grand Slam titles, including 18 singles titles, 31 doubles titles, and 10 mixed doubles titles. Her nine Wimbledon singles titles remain a record for both men and women at the All England Club. Navratilova holds the record for the most 167 singles titles and 177 doubles titles in the Open Era. She was ranked as the world’s No. 1 singles player for 332 weeks and held the top spot in doubles for a record 237 weeks.

Navratilova achieved the longest winning streak in the Open Era with 74 consecutive matches and finished her career with a remarkable 1,442-219 singles record, achieving an 86.8% winning percentage. Her legendary rivalry with Chris Evert saw her leading their head-to-head series 43-37 out of 80 matches.

Written by Aharon Tsaturyan, MD