Monika Pansari: Cervical cancer is not just about HPV

Monika Pansari, Senior Consultant Surgical Oncologist at Fortis Hospital, shared a post on LinkedIn:

“Cervical cancer is not just about HPV—other lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors can influence its development. Understanding these co-factors can help in prevention and early intervention.

Read my latest blog to explore key risk factors and proactive steps to protect cervical health.”

“Introduction

Cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. While persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause, not all HPV infections lead to cervical cancer. Many women contract HPV at some point in their lives, but only a small percentage develop cervical cancer. This suggests that additional factors, known as co-factors, influence the progression of HPV infection to cervical cancer.

Understanding these co-factors is crucial for early prevention, risk reduction, and better health outcomes. In this article, we will explore other potential contributors to cervical cancer development beyond HPV, shedding light on lifestyle, environmental, and genetic influences.

Understanding Cervical Cancer Beyond HPV

HPV infection is a well-established cause of cervical cancer, yet the body’s immune system often clears the virus naturally. However, in some cases, HPV persists and triggers changes in cervical cells, leading to precancerous lesions and, eventually, cancer.

Research has shown that certain external and internal factors can increase the likelihood of HPV persistence and the transformation of infected cells into malignant tumors. Identifying and addressing these co-factors can help in preventing cervical cancer and improving women’s health outcomes.

Other Potential Co-Factors Contributing to Cervical Cancer:

1. Smoking and Tobacco Use

Smoking is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer. Tobacco contains carcinogenic chemicals that can damage cervical cells, making them more vulnerable to HPV infections. Smoking also weakens the immune system, impairing the body’s ability to clear HPV naturally. Studies have shown that women who smoke are twice as likely to develop cervical cancer compared to non-smokers.

2. Long-Term Use of Oral Contraceptives

While birth control pills are an effective method of contraception, long-term use (over five years) has been associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. Estrogen and progesterone in oral contraceptives may alter cervical cells, making them more susceptible to HPV infections. However, the risk decreases once contraceptive use is stopped. Women using birth control for extended periods should consult their gynecologists for regular screenings and alternative contraceptive options if necessary.

3. Multiple Pregnancies and Early Pregnancy

Women who have had multiple full-term pregnancies may have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Pregnancy induces hormonal and immune system changes that can make cervical cells more vulnerable to HPV infections. Additionally, early pregnancy (before the age of 17) may increase susceptibility due to an immature cervix, which is more prone to HPV-related changes.

4. Weakened Immune System

A compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, autoimmune diseases, or organ transplant treatments can increase the risk of cervical cancer. The immune system plays a crucial role in controlling HPV infections. In immunocompromised individuals, HPV infections tend to persist longer and are more likely to progress into cancer. Regular screening and HPV vaccination are strongly recommended for individuals with weakened immunity.

5. Poor Nutrition and Diet

A diet lacking essential vitamins and minerals can impair the body’s ability to fight infections, including HPV. Deficiencies in folate, vitamins A, C, and E, and antioxidants have been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support immune function and help reduce the risk of HPV persistence and cervical cell abnormalities.

6. Genetic Predisposition and Family History

Although cervical cancer is primarily caused by HPV, some women may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to developing the disease. Family history plays a role in how the body responds to HPV infections and other carcinogenic influences. While genetic factors cannot be modified, awareness and preventive healthcare can help manage the risk effectively.

7. Chronic Infections and Inflammation

Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) can contribute to cervical cancer risk. These infections cause chronic inflammation in the cervix, which may enhance HPV persistence and increase the likelihood of cellular mutations. Treating STIs promptly and maintaining safe sexual practices can help reduce this risk.

Preventive Measures and Risk Reduction Strategies:

Although some risk factors, like genetic predisposition, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle modifications and preventive healthcare measures. Here are some key strategies to reduce the risk of cervical cancer:

1. HPV Vaccination and Regular Screening

The HPV vaccine protects against the most common high-risk HPV strains that cause cervical cancer. It is recommended for young girls and boys before they become sexually active. Additionally, regular cervical cancer screening through Pap smears and HPV testing can detect precancerous changes early, allowing for timely intervention.

2. Smoking Cessation

Quitting smoking can significantly lower the risk of cervical cancer. Women who smoke should seek medical support or counseling to help quit the habit.

3. Safe Sexual Practices

Using condoms, limiting the number of sexual partners, and maintaining open communication about sexual health can help reduce exposure to HPV and other STIs.

4. Healthy Diet and Nutrition

Consuming a diet rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and immune-boosting nutrients can support cervical health. Leafy greens, citrus fruits, nuts, and whole grains should be incorporated into daily meals.

5. Regular Medical Check-Ups

Women should schedule regular gynecological check-ups and follow their doctor’s recommendations regarding screenings, vaccinations, and health management.

Conclusion:

While HPV remains the primary cause of cervical cancer, other co-factors can influence its progression. Lifestyle choices, immune system health, genetic predisposition, and hormonal influences all play a role in determining individual risk levels. Understanding these co-factors allows women to make informed decisions about their health, adopt preventive strategies, and seek regular medical care.

By prioritizing early detection, vaccination, and a healthy lifestyle, we can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and promote better long-term health outcomes. If you have concerns about your risk factors, consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and screening recommendations.”